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The Seven Years War is a war between the various major powers in Europe. The purpose of the war was to fight over the dominance of this continent, while dominating the oceans and colonies. In the war the alliance of Austria, France, Sweden, Russia and Spain faced off against the combined forces of Prussia, England, Portugal and Hanover. Background to the Seven Years War The cause of the Seven Years War was rooted in the results of the previous conflict, the War of Austrian Succession (1740-48). The Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty which ended this war was unable to calm Austria's anger at the loss of the rich province of Silesia which was captured by Prussia. The treaty was also unable to withstand the conflicting ambitions of French and British colonialism, triggering a new, bigger battle. Although the Seven Years War is basically a continuation of the Austrian War of Succession, there are two significant differences compared to the previous war. The first important difference is that the S...

Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the greatest composers in the history of European classical music. His music includes the transition between classical and romantic styles. His work is even more remarkable considering that the works were completed when he lost his hearing function. Although the last thirty years of his life experienced hearing problems, but did not stop his steps to produce extraordinary symphonies. Youth and Family Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven was born on December 16, 1770 in Bonn, Germany and was baptized the next day. However his date of birth is still being debated because no official documents were found, but the majority believes December 16 is the day of his birth. His mother's name was Maria Magdalena van Beethoven, a woman who was very serious and determined. His father, Johan van Beethoven, or his grandfather worked as palace singers for archbishop Bonn. Unfortunately, Beethoven's father was an alcoholic. He tried to increase family income ...

Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries located in South Asia. Before independence this country had a winding journey. Starting from becoming one with India under the British colonial government, to become part of the State of Pakistan. Although as one of the largest Muslim countries, this country has never been free from disasters and conflicts, so that poverty is inevitable. Geographical Location of Bangladesh The People's Republic of Bangladesh is a small country with an area of ​​144,000 square kilometers, an area that is slightly smaller than the state of Wisconsin. The country is located on the Bay of Bengal and is only bordered by two countries, India and Myanmar. Incredibly, nearly 150 million people - half of the population of the United States, or about five times more people living throughout Canada - live in this small region. This condition creates the highest population density in the world, 2,600 people per square mile. The Bangladeshi government realizes t...

The Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in 1868 which ended the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate (military rule) and returned state power to the imperial government under Mutsuhito (Emperor Meiji) This restoration, which began in 1868, marked the turning point of Japanese history in the modern age. Many historians compare the event with the French Revolution of 1789 and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia. Restoration leaders took a series of quick steps to build national power under capitalist institutions and quickly push Japan towards regional and world powers. In its development the Meiji Restoration in 1868 was later identified as an era of major changes in Japan's political, economic, and social affairs. The Meiji period brought modernization and westernization in the country. Meiji Restoration Background Since 1603 Japan has been under the authority of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Shogun holds the highest authority of the state, whose authority is given by the k...

Malcolm X or also known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz is an African-American Muslim leader, advocate civil rights and human rights for blacks, as well as supporters of the idea of ​​Pan-African and Pan-Islamism. After his death, the spread of his autobiography made Malcolm an ideological hero, especially among black youth. Dark Life Malcolm X Malcolm X is real name Malcolm Little. He was born on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska to uneducated, poor, Christian and black nationalist supporters. He believed that the white man had killed his father and unfairly placed his mother in a mental hospital, and put himself and his siblings in a different orphanage. At the age of fifteen, when Malcolm finished eighth grade, he realized that he hated formal education and established religious education. The dark background led him to the black world. In these gloomy times he was nothing more than a lazy atheist. He became a drug addict and participated in illicit trafficking, gambling and robbery when ...

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important peace treaty which ended World War I. It was signed on June 28, 1919 at Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Although the ceasefire signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, the Allies took six months at the Paris Peace Conference to ratify the peace agreement. The Versailles Agreement articulates the compromise reached at the conference. Among the important points achieved were restrictions on German military power and war compensation. Countries Present at the Paris Conference On Saturday, January 18, 1919, the Paris Peace Conference opened at the headquarters of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris. At least 32 allied supporters attended the conference. Peacekeepers are a diverse group. Some represent major world powers such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. While others speak for lower powers such as Belgium, Cuba, Siam (Thailand), and Czechoslova...

The Middle East is a geographical center for the world oil industry. Oil is very important in foreign and domestic politics in almost every country in the region, oil importers and oil exporters. Therefore the oil industry in the Middle East has a special role in the economic development of the Middle East. Discovery of the First Oil Field in the Middle East The search for oil resources in the Middle East was first carried out by a British businessman named William D'Archy. In 1901, he was granted permission to explore oil in Iran, after offering a contract of 20,000 pounds sterling and 16% of profits for 60 years. Not only that, the company is also free of charge and obtained a large area. After obtaining permission, D'Archy sent George Reynold to explore oil resources. Exploration requires huge costs, so that at one time when he was on the verge of bankruptcy, D'Arcy asked for help from the British government. The government agreed to help him, for fear that he might sell...

Heinrich Himmler is the main brain behind the genocide of thousands of Jews or better known as the Holocaust. He has enormous power as Reichsfuhrer-SS, chief of police and interior minister. This power placed him in the position of the second strongest person after Adolf Hitler. Himmler was not only the main brain of the Holocaust, but also the massacre of Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavs. Heinrich Himmler's Journey to Power Himmler was born on October 7, 1900 in Munich, Germany to a mother named Anna Maria and Gebhard Himmler's father. His father was a Catholic school principal and teacher for the family of Wittelsbach's nobles. He has a rather thin posture and has a hobby of playing chess and collecting stamps. It can be said he is the antithesis of an ideal Aryan race. Even so, Himmler had a dream since he was young to grow up and become a soldier. At the age of 17 he became a volunteer force and underwent training in Regensburg. After World War I, Himmler met prospective...

Gladiators are professional fighters who entertain viewers in violent and bloody confrontations in Ancient Rome. Although the Gladiators were taken from slaves, or criminals, but the Gladiators who were successful in battle received the same attention as celebrities today, so the ideals of being a Gladiator became a magnet for the lower classes of society. The Origin of the Gladiatorial Fight The gladiators originally appeared at the Etruscan cemetery (the person who first occupied Rome), as part of a ritual to provide bodyguards to people who have died. Therefore, the fight usually causes the fighters to die. Meanwhile, Roman historian Titus Livius (Livy) said the gladiatorial battle was first held in 310 BC by the Campanians, in the context of celebrating the victory over the Samnites. Undeniably, Rome adopted many Etruscan rituals. For example in 264 BC, when the family of M. Brutus seriously celebrated the funeral with a gladiatorial battle. From then on, funerals that were present...

The Berlin Wall which was built in 1961 is a real symbol of the Cold War. This 28-mile long wall separates Soviet-controlled East Berlin and West Berlin supported by the Allies. The border is heavily guarded, even around the walls lined with barbed wire and minefields. With the construction of this wall Germany is automatically divided into two. East Germans who used to have jobs in West Germany or vice versa could not work in their previous place. Similarly, families who live on two different sides cannot meet. Around 191 people died trying to cross into West Berlin and around 5,000 were more successful. The existence of the Berlin wall itself lasted for thirty years. Background on the Construction of the Berlin Wall After World War II ended, Germany fell into Allied and Soviet influence. The Allies established their influence in the western part of Germany, while the Soviet in the east. In May 1949, the West German government was formed with the capital in Bonn. Meanwhile on October ...

Rome is the largest empire ever known in Western Eurasia. For more than four hundred years the empire stretched from the Hadrian Wall to the Euphrates River. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire was a setback caused by the failure of the empire to establish its authority. The Roman Empire also lost the power that allowed it to exercise effective control. There are at least eight factors that caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. Invasion of the Barbarians The simplest theory for the collapse of Western Rome was the consequence of a series of ongoing military losses from outside attacks. Rome had been in conflict with German tribes for centuries, but in the 300s "barbarian" groups like the Goths began to try to disrupt the borders of the Empire. The threat became more apparent after the Romans faced a German rebellion at the end of the 4th century AD The German tribal attack became increasingly after in 410 King Visigoth Alaric managed to pillage the city of Rome. The E...

Democracy is derived from the Greek "democracy" which means people's government. Popular government is a government in which everyone has a voice about what needs to be done. The history of democracy itself is believed to have its roots in ancient Greece around two and a half millennia ago (around the sixth century BC). Birth of Democracy In Greece, Athens MP named Solon (around 630-560 BC) presented an early version of participatory democracy, which was mixed with elements of social justice. It aims to correct government control that is exclusive and oppressive (oppressive). This desire arose because at that time wealthy landowners used their influence to exploit a severe economic crisis. They seized the wealth and freedom of the poor population. Solon who was elected as chief judge in 594 BC then began to oppose the rulers. Reforms aimed at repairing flawed systems are carried out by limiting the absolute power of the upper classes. In practice Solon limited the influen...